A propos d'incertitudes

 

Hier, une question qui revient sans cesse à propos de mesures, d'incertitudes de mesure, et de répétition d'expériences.

Un ami  en stage au laboratoire fait une expérience et, faisant plusieurs mesures d'une même grandeur, obtient - c'est bien- des valeurs évidemment différentes,  puisque si l'instrument de mesure est  très précis, il est sensible aux mille perturbations environnantes.
Ayant ces différentes valeurs, il calcule donc légitimement une moyenne et un écart type,  afin de décrire les résultats, en tenant compte de la dispersion des mesures.
Puis il décide de répéter l'expérience, ce qui le  conduit à une autre moyenne,  assortie d'un autre écart-type.
Et il répète encore l'expérience plusieurs fois,  calculant chaque fois  une moyenne et un écart-type.
Il s'interroge maintenant sur l'incertitude de ses résultats complets : doit-il faire une moyenne des moyennes, ou bien la moyenne de tous les résultats ? Et quelle est l'incertitude pour les deux cas ?

Je crains d'être obligé de faire le calcul, qui est très simple : est-ce une bonne explication, si nos interlocuteurs ne savent pas ou n'aiment pas calculer ?
Commençons par les moyennes.
Nous nommerons
                           "m[i, j]"

 la j-ième mesure de la i-ième expérience. Nous considérons n expériences, et p mesures pour chacune.
Dans le cas "séparé". Pour chaque expérience, la moyenne est donnée simplement par :

              "M[i] = sum(m[i, j], j = 1 .. p)/p"

Et si l'on fait la moyenne de toutes les n moyennes, on a :
M = sum(M[i], i = 1 .. n)/n and sum(M[i], i = 1 .. n)/n = sum(sum(m[i, j], j = 1 .. p)/p, i = 1 .. n)/n and sum(sum(m[i, j], j = 1 .. p)/p, i = 1 .. n)/n = sum(sum(m[i, j], j = 1 .. p), i = 1 .. n)/(n*p);

Bref, c'est la moyenne de toutes les mesures.
Pour les incertitudes, de même, on retrouve le même résultat (heureusement !), à condition de savoir que le GUM du Bureau international des poids et mesures indique que pour, une variable composée, l'incertitude doit être prise égale à la racine carrée de la somme des carrés des dérivées partielles par le carré des incertitudes.

Surtout, notre ami a ainsi compris que l'incertitude diminue avec le nombre de mesures effectuées: plus on fait de mesures, plus la moyenne s'approche de la véritable valeur cherchée, et plus on caractérise la mesure, en quelque sorte.

The 10th International contest for note by note cooking

International Contest

for

Note by Note Cooking

N°10

Topic:

Savoury dice and fibres

(no Rubik’s cube)

Organizers:

Roisin Burke (roisin.burke@TUDublin.ie), Yolanda Rigault (yolanda.rigault@wanadoo.fr), Hervé This (herve.this@paris.inra.fr)

Introduction : Note by Note Cooking

Note by Note Cooking is indeed “synthetic cooking”, a culinary technique using pure compounds, in order to build food (i.e., dishes) and drinks.

The cook has to decide for the shapes, consistencies, tastes, odours, trigeminal sensations (pungencies, freshnesses…), temperatures, colours…

Of course, it deals with questions of nutrition, toxicity, and is part of the large “Note by Note Project” for sustainable development, important for feeding humankind in 2050, when the population of the Earth will perhaps reach 10 billion people. This project is an important contribution to the fight against spoilage, while sparing water, energy, foodstuffs, and taking care of the environment.

The goal of this 10th contest:

Savoury dice and fibers (no Rubik’s cube)

For this new contest, we invite competitors (in the three categories: chefs, students, amateurs) to create dishes that include savoury dice and make use of fibers; Rubik’s cube systems are to be avoided..

The closer to pure note by note, the better. And the flavour of the proposed dish is mostly important obviously !

More details

Dice are well known, and they can have any structure, colors, flavours… but for this 10^th contest, it is proposed to avoid sweet products, which does not mean that using sweet compounds in the proposed recipes: after all, in traditional cooking, carrots, onions and other plant tissues are containing D-glucose, D-fructose and sucrose, even in savoury dishes.

Fibers, on the other hand, are now gaining importance in human food, because of the recent discoveries about the importance of the microbiota.

For more than 15 years, the international CODEX Alimentarius Commission debated a definition of fibre and was agreed in 2009. The European Commission (EC), in line with discussions at CODEX, previously agreed a definition for fibre in November 2008. The EC defines fibre as saccharide (they say “carbohydrate” but this word should be avoided, as saccharides are no hydrates, chemically speaking) polymers with three or more monomeric units (to exclude mono- and disaccharides, simple sugars of one or two molecules). These polymers are neither digested nor absorbed in the small intestine.

Dietary fibre consists of one or more of:

- edible carbohydrate polymers naturally occurring in the food as consumed;

- carbohydrate polymers that have been obtained from food raw material by physical, enzymatic or chemical means and which have a beneficial physiological effect demonstrated by generally accepted scientific evidence;

- synthetic carbohydrate polymers which have a beneficial physiological effect demonstrated by generally accepted scientific evidence.

With the exception of non-digestible edible carbohydrate polymers that occur naturally in foods, the definition states that there should be evidence of a beneficial physiological effect of any other material captured by the definition. Any beneficial physiological effect of other material needs to be supported by generally accepted scientific evidence.

Discussions about how best to measure dietary fibre so as to enable consistent applications of the new definition are now underway at a European level.

What difference does the new definition make? Up until the recent EC definition was published, fibre intakes in UK have typically been expressed as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). NSP is broadly the cell wall compartments of plants and include cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, gums, mucilages and beta-glucans.

The CODEX and EC definitions recognise there are other compounds that are not digested nor absorbed within the human digestive tract. For example, resistant starch and oligsaccharides based on fructose, galactose or maltose are all included within the CODEX dietary fibre definition. Micro components such as waxes, cutin and suberin are also included. However, the UK food composition dataset and the National Diet and Nutrition Survey continue to use NSP as a measure of dietary fibre.

There are various types of fibre, some of which are almost completely fermented by gut bacteria, whereas others are less fermentable. These less fermentable fibres are present for example in cereal grains including wheat, rye, barley and oats and bind water, increasing faecal bulk, and reducing transit time. These fibres can be helpful in reducing constipation.

Fermentable fibres are present in fruits, vegetables, nuts and oats and provide fuel for bacteria, which may encourage a healthy microflora in the gut. Some fermentable fibres, e.g. beta glucan, in oats have other health benefits including helping to maintain healthy cholesterol levels and moderating blood glucose levels.

For the criteria, the first goal of competitors is to produce dishes that :

1. include fibers and savoury dice

2. are as close as possible to pure note by note cooking (i.e., using pure compounds)

3. are good!

3. are original.

About the first criterion, one has to make a difference between “pure note by note cooking”, and “practical note by note cooking.

- the “pure note by note cooking” technique means using only perfectly pure compounds,

- “practical note by note cooking” technique allows the use of mostly pure fractions: for example, oil is a mixture of triglycerides, or corn starch is only 80 % pure amylopectin, but it would not change much if one particular triglyceride were used, on pure amylopectin. And, of course, why not mix the new ingredients and old ones (meat, fish, egg, vegetable and fruits)… but the closest to the pure note by note technique the better.

The participants will be free to purchase the ingredients or to product them by themselves. For example, lixiviation of flour can product gluten and starch, and storing oils in the fridge or in the deep freeze can make various fat fractions, with different properties.

For odours, they can be extracted by various means (storing a raw material in oil, distillation, etc.), but odorant compounds can now be found on line, in companies such as Iqemusu (www.iqemusu.com).

For the contest, participants have to apply in various categories

(1) Professional chefs: they will be judged on their skills to produce a recipe using pure compounds or a mixture of pure compunds and designing the shape, colour, texture etc. This group have access to specific note by note ingredients and specialized equipment in professional kitchens and should have a good skills level.

(2) Students: depending on the applications, there can be two groups, those that are culinary arts students and those that are science students.

Like the professional chefs, the former most likely have access to specific note by note ingredients and special equipment. The other students may or may not not have access to these ingredients or equipment. In the case of the culinary student the judging criteria is similar to that for the professional chefs but the level of skills of culinary arts students may be less. If the other students have a science background, the judging criteria could include the use of scientific knowledge to maximise the use of ingredients which were available.

(3) Amateurs - the best use of ingredients which were available.

Where can you find the ingredients?

For cooking Note by Note, you simply need your kitchen, kitchen cupboards and supermarket. Below, you can find pure compounds e.g. water, sugar, salt, xanthan gum, lecithin etc.

Some can be extracted. For example, if you acidify milk and extract curds (mostly casein), you prepare the whey. Or from wheat flour, if you make a dough and wash starch off to, you can separate gluten (that can also be bought at bakers).

There are other cheap ways to get ingredients:

- look for deals on the internet through companies such as Amazon

- email suppliers and ask for free samples (small amounts)

- ask supplier companies for free samples.

Examples of suppliers

Iqemusu (2017). The 24 Notes. [online]. Available at: https://iqemusu.com/en/the-24-notes-note-by-note-cooking/

Louis François (2019). Louis François- Food Ingredients Since 1908. Available at: http://www.louisfrancois.com/index_en.html

MSK (2019), MSK catalogue. [online] Available at: http://msk-ingredients.com/msk-catalogue-2019/?page=1.

Sosa (2019). Sosa Catalogue. Available at: https://www.sosa.cat/

Texturas (2012). Texturas Albert y Ferran Adria. Available at: http://albertyferranadria.com/eng/texturas.html

Each proposed dish will have to be :

1. described in a .doc file by a recipe (Roman 12) giving

   1. the ingredients, including quantities

   2. the process

2. shown by photographs.

The candidates will have to accept that their recipes and pictures can be used (with their name) by the organizers and the partners of the contest (see authorization of use in the bottom of this document).

Evaluation :

Include dice and fibres

Feasibility, reproducability

Originality of the work.

Using pure compounds will be preferred to using fractions.

Of course, the productions should not be toxic.

The flavour complexity will be appreciated : dishes have a shape, consistency, odor, taste, trigeminal sensation, temperature…

Who can participate?
The contest is free, open to all. But there will be different categories:

- culinary professionals (chefs),

- students,

- amateurs.

How to participate?

For applying, it is enough to send an email to icmg@agroparistech.fr with post address, phone number, signed authorization of diffusion of the contest material.

Then, for proposing the result, one has to send a file (fichier .doc) to icmg@agroparistech.fr describing the recipe in details, with a powerpoint document (fichier .ppt) showing the various steps and the final result, with high resolution pictures 300 dpi.

Dates :

- application at any time before 20th of August 2022.

- document being sent before the 25th of August 2022.

Evaluation:

The evaluation will be performed in two stages:

1. display of all recipes, and preselection by a jury, with possible votes by the public

2. evaluation between preselected recipes by a Jury composed of:

Yolanda Rigault (organizer)

Pierre Gagnaire

Pierre-Dominique Cécillon (Toques Blanches Internationales)

Jean-Pierre Lepeltier (Toques Blanches Internationales)

Patrick Terrien (Toques Blanches Internationales)

Sandrine Kault-Perring (Louis François Inc)

Michael Pontif (www.iqemusu.com)

Eric Briffard (Cordon bleu)

Philippe Clergue (Cordon bleu)

Heinz Wuth (Chile)

Prize Event:

AgroParisTech, Paris (Friday 2 September 2022)

Prizes will be given by the partners. The best results will be displayed on various internet sites (Forum Note à Note d'AgroParisTech...). They will be shown on posters during itinerary exhibitions.

Thanks to our partners

Iqemusu, Louis François, Belin, Pour la Science

Autorisation de diffusion

Je sous-signé ……………….. demeurant ……………………….. autorise les organisateurs et les partenaires du Troisième Concours International de Cuisine Note à Note à diffuser les recettes et les images soumises pour participation au concours.

Fait à ………………………….. le …………………………………..

Signature :

Annexe :

From Molecular Gastronomy to its applications :

« Molecular Cuisine » (it is over)

and « Note by Note Cuisine» (don't miss this next world

culinary trend!)

Hervé This

1. The scientific work

In 1988 Nicholas Kurti and I created the scientific discipline that we called « Molecular

gastronomy» (remember that the word « gastronomy » means « knowledge », and not cuisine, even haute cuisine ; in the same way, Molecular Gastronomy does not stand for cooking!).

The aim of Molecular Gastronomy was, is and will be forever : looking for the mechanisms of

phenomena occcuring during dish preparation and consumption.

2. An application in the kitchen

In the beginning of the 80's, we introduced also «Molecular Cuisine », whose definition is :

« Producing food (this is cuisine) using « new » tools, ingredients, methods ».

In this definition, the word « new » stands for what was not in kitchens of the western countries in 1980.

For example : siphon (to make foams), sodium alginate (to get pearls with a liquid core, spaghettis of vegetables, etc.) and other gelling agents (agar-agar, carraghenans, etc.), liquid nitrogen (to make sherbets and many other innovative preparations), rotary evaporator, and more generally, the whole set of lab's equipment when they can be useful. For methodes, you will easily find on line recipes for “chocolate chantilly, beaumés, gibbs, nollet, vauquelins, etc. ( Cours de gastronomie moléculaire n°1 : Science, technologie, technique (culinaires) : quelles relations ?, Ed Quae/Belin)

Of course all these items are not completely new (many gelling agents are used in Asia for millenia, and many tools are used daily in chemistry labs), but the goal was to modernize the technical component of cuisine.

Yes, the expression « Molecular Cuisine » is poorly chosen, but it had to be introduced at some time... and it is not within the Encyclopedia Britannica Dictionnary. And Molecular Cuisine will disappear... because of... see below !

3. The next culinary trend : Note by Note Cuisine !

The next proposal is much more exciting, and its name is NOTE BY NOTE CUISINE.

It was first proposed in 1994 (in the magazine Scientific American) at a time when I was playing at using compounds in food, such as paraethylphenol in wines and whiskeys, 1-octen-3-ol in dishes, limonene, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, etc.

The initial proposal was to improve food... but the next idea was obvious, it is to make dishes

entirely from compounds.

Let's say it differently. Note by Note Cuisine is not using meat, fish, vegetable or fruits, but rather compounds, either pure compounds or mixtures, such as electronic music is not using trumpets or violins, but rather pure waves which are mixed in sounds and in music.

Here, for Note by Note Cuisine, the cook has to :

– design the shapes of the various parts of the dish

– design the colours

– design the tastes

– design the odours

– design the temperatures

– design the trigeminal stimulation

– design the consistencies

– design the nutritional aspects

– etc.

The feasability of this new cuisine was already shown by many meals :

– first Note by Note meal (called Note by Note N°1) shown to the international press in Hong

Kong by Pierre Gagnaire in April 2009

– two dishes shown at the French-Japanese Scientific Meeting (JSTS) in Strasbourg, in May

2010

– whole Note by Note Meal served by the chefs of the Cordon bleu School in Paris in

October 2010

– Note à Note meal served the 26th of January 2011, as a launching event of the International

Year of Chemistry, at UNESCO, Paris, by the team of Potel&Chabot

– Note by Note cocktail serve in April 2011 to 500 French chefs freshly starred at Michelin,

in Espace Cardin, Paris

– Note by Note Meal served in October 2011 by the team of the chefs of the Cordon bleu

Schools Paris

– Note by Note dishes made by chefs of the Toques Blanches International Association, in

Paris, 3 Decembre 2011

And many others !

Many questions arise from this new cuisine:

– land development

– economy

– sensorial

– technique

– art

– politics

– nutrition

– toxicology

– etc.

But:

1. humankind is facing an energy crisis : it is not sure that traditional cuisine is sustainable (it

is not!)

2. the New will always beat the Old

3. cracking products from agriculture and farming is already done for milk and wheat ; why

not carrots, apples, etc. ?

4. The objections made to Note by Note cuisine were done half a century ago against

electronic music, and guess what you hear at the radio today ?

In other words, are not we at the equivalent of 1947, when musicians such as Varèse and some

others were investigating electronic music ?

À quelle température ajouter du lait à une farce pour faire un boudin blanc

Un boudin blanc, c'est de la chair de volaille et de porc broyée parfois avec de la mie de pain, de l'oeuf et du lait. L'appareil est travaillé, puis  il est mis dans un boyau et il est ensuite poché.
Parmi les critères de qualité du boudin blanc,  il y a notamment le fait que,  à la cuisson,  le boudin se tient : il est considéré comme une faute qu'il s'émiette.

Bref, on part  d'une farce avec de la viande, de l'oeuf, de la mie de pain,  et on ajoute du lait qui,  pour des raisons de sécurité sanitaire,  peut-être bouilli. Se pose la question de la température maximale à laquelle on peut mettre le lait dans la farce.

La farce c'est  d'abord de la chair,  c'est-à-dire du tissu musculaire, lequel est constitué de fibres musculaires, sortes de tuyaux avec une gaine de tissu collagénique (la protéine qui fait la gélatine quand la chauffe longtemps) et un intérieur analogue à du blanc d'oeuf, avec de l'eau et des protéines qui ont pour nom actines et myosines. Quand on coupe les fibres musculaires, on libère l'intérieur des tuyaux en partie,  c'est-à-dire qu'on libère dans la mêlée de l'eau et des protéines.
D'autre part les oeufs sont essentiellement faits d'eau et de protéines, avec un peu de matière grasse pour le jaune.
La mie, elle est une matière un peu inerte, qui est déjà empesée, et peut continuer de se défaire, en faisant du moelleux.
Si l'on ajoute du gras, il est dispersé dans la phase aqueuse apportée par la viande et par les oeufs.

Quand on chauffe la mêlée avec du lait chaud, ce dernier fait coaguler localement les protéines, de sorte que, si l'on embosse, on détruit le gel, et l'intérieur ne se tient plus, et ne pourra plus gélifier (par coagulation des protéines) à la cuisson des boudins.
Il faut donc que la température du lait ne fasse pas coaguler les protéines présentes, soit  40 degrés pour la viande, et environ 62 pour les oeufs.
Bref, c'est du 40 degrés au total qu'il faudra viser. Inversement, pas d'inconvénient à mettre du lait froid.

Puis, lors de la cuisson, les protéines dispersées coaguleront, donnant de la cohérence à l'ensemble. Et plus on chauffera, plus les boudins blancs seront fermes, pour les mêmes raisons que les oeufs à basse température deviennent de plus en plus durs à mesure que la température augmente... mais c'est là une autre histoire que j'ai déjà racontée plusieurs fois. Je vous y renvoie.

Les séminaires de gastronomie moléculaire, pour l'année universitaire 2021-2022

 

Les séminaires ne se tiennent pas en juillet et en août.

Les dates pour l’année 2021-2022 seront communiquées le plus rapidement possible, mais en tout état de cause, nous garderons un rendez-vous le 3 e lundi de chaque mois, sauf impossibilité (locaux).

Les séminaires sont prévus en présentiels à partir de septembre.

Lundi 27 septembre

Le 11 octobre

Le 15 hovembre 

Le 6 décembre

Le 17 janvier

Le 14 février

Le 21 mars 

Le 11 avril

16 mai à confirmer

20 juin à confirmer

Séminaire de juin 2021, gastronomie moléculaire

 Oui c'est bien aujourd'hui, mardi et non lundi, que nous avons notre dernier séminaire de gastronomie moléculaire pour l'année universitaire C'est encore en visio que nous étudierons des pâtes feuilletées. 

Le lien : https://eu.bbcollab.com/guest/5f7c0ac679b14a959f4d0030d3758d63

Explications (suite)

À propos d'explications,  je vois un point à ajouter.

Alors que je travaille sur un texte de physique, dont le contenu n'est pas compliqué, même si le texte est en anglais,  je m'aperçois que je réécris volontiers le texte,  du moins une bonne partie de ce dernier. Cela me permet d'aller beaucoup plus lentement que je ne vais si je me contente de lire... et  je ne peux m'empêcher de rapprocher cette observation de la déclaration qui m'est faite par certains amis, qui auraient une mémoire virtuelle  : en réalité, je crois moins il s'agit d'une mémoire visuelle que de la nécessiter d'aller lentement pour comprendre, se donner le temps pour tout comprendre au lieu que les mots filent comme du sable entre les doigts.

Et  cela a une conséquence immédiate pour qui cherche à bien expliquer : il faut être lent, sans quoi on ne sera pas compris !

Certes, les élèves hâtifs risquent de considérer que nous sommes pesants, manquent de "feu d'artifice"... mais sont-ils vraiment capables d'assister à de tels spectacles ? Ne seront-ils pas, alors, simplement éblouis, comme des oies que l'on gave ?

Je maintiens que des explications données lentements sont utiles, et c'est cela seul qui m'importe : il faut que nous amis puissent capter tous les mots, avant de capter toutes les phrases, et de comprendre les idées véhiculées. Certes, la méthode est bien lente pour les gens pressés... mais ceux-là iront dans le décor, et il faudra que nous leur apprenions à être plus lents... et plus profonds (ah, la détestable prétention de la superficialité !).

D'ailleurs, je ne peux m'empêcher de faire le lien avec des déclarations du mathématicien Laurent Schwartz, qui disait qu'il était très lent quand il apprenait.
Il expliquait sa lenteur en termes de connexions des nouvelles idées avec celles qu'il avait auparavant, mais  ne pourrions-nous pas dire simplement qu'il s'agissait de ne pas sauter des mots importants, de bien saisir les idées nouvelles qui lui étaient présentées ?

The table of content of the Handbook of molecular gastronomy

 Here is the table of content, for our wonderful Handbook of molecular gastronomy : 

Page 1 of 406
1 Molecular Gastronomy
2 Scientific foundations and applications
3Page 2 of 406
1 Handbook
of Molecular Gastronomy
2 Scientific Foundations and Culinary Applications
3 Edited by
4 Róisín
5 vo
Burke, Alan Kelly, Christophe Lavelle and Hervé This
Kientza
6 CRC Press
7 Boca Raton and London
8Page 3 of 406
1 First edition published 2021
2 by CRC Press
3 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
4 and by CRC Press
5 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
6 © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
7 CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
8 The right of Róisín Burke, Alan Kelly, Christophe Lavelle and Hervé This vo Kientza to be identified
9 as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been
10 asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
11 Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
12 publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use.
13 The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in
14 this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been
15 obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
16 rectify in any future reprint.
17 Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
18 transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
19 hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage
20 or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
21 For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com
22 or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,Page 4 of 406
1 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact
2 mpkbookspermissions@tandf.co.uk
3 Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
4 used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
5 Library of Congress Cataloging - in - Publication Data
6 [Insert LoC Data here when available]
7 ISBN: 978-1-4665-9478-4 (hbk)
8 ISBN: 978-0-429-16870-3 (ebk)
9 Typeset in Times
10 by Newgen Publishing UK
11Page 5 of 406

1 TABLE
OF CONTENTS
2 Foreword
3 Introduction
4 About the Editors
5 Contributors
6 Part
I SCIENCE
7 Acids. Acids in foods and perception of sourness
8
Christian Salles
9 Anthocyanins. Anthocyanins in food
10
Véronique Cheynier
11 Alcoholic Beverages: Production, Trends, Innovations
12
Konstantin Bellut, Kieran M. Lynch, Elke K. Arendt
13 Ash. Ash in the kitchen
14 Marta Ghebremedhin, Bhagyashri Joshi, Andreas Rieger, Christine
15 Schreiber, Thomas A. Vilgis
16 Baking. Laminated bakery products
17
Roxane Detry, Christophe Blecker and Sabine Danthine
18 Baking. Chemical Leaveners
19
Linda A. Luck
20 Baking. Injera - The Multi-Eyed Flat BreadPage 6 of 406
1
Mahelet Girma, Sumaya M. Abdullahi, Benjamin L. Stottrup
2 Baking. Viennoiserie - Laminated pastry production
3
James A. Griffin
4 Baking. How does starch gelatinization influence texture?
5
Anaïs Lavoisier
6 Baking. Sourdough Bread
7
Mark Traynor
8 Barbecue. The chemistry behind cooking on a barbecue
9
Florent Allais
10 Bioactivity. Bioactivity and its measurement
11
Hervé This vo Kientza
12 Browning. The glycation and Maillard reactions: major non enzymatic
13 browning reactions in food
14 Frederic J. Tessier
15 Canning. Appert and food canning
16
Jean-Christophe Augustin
17 Capillarity. Capillarity in action
18
Hervé This vo Kientza
19 Champagne. Champagne tasting from a scientific perspectivePage 7 of 406
1 Gérard Liger-Belair, Clara Cilindre, Daniel Cordier, Guillaume
2 Polidori, Fabien Beaumont, Thomas Séon
3 Chantillies. The cousins of whipped cream: “Chantillys”
4
Hervé This vo Kientza
5 Cheese. Hot culinary uses of cheese
6
Sébastien Roustel, John A. Hannon
7 Chocolate. Chocolates from the world, simple physics, complex flavour
8
Bhagyashri L Joshi, Sarah Gindra, Thomas A. Vilgis
9 Chocolate. Oral processing of chocolate: successive interplay of sensory and
10 physicochemical parameters
11 Thomas Vilgis
12 Coffee. Coffee preparation: from roasted beans to beverage
13
Laura Febvay, Hervé This vo Kientza
14 Colour. Natural pigments in foods and their technical uses
15
Juan Valverde
16 Cooking. Cooking
17
Hervé This vo Kientza
18 Cooking. Culinary precisions and robustness of recipes
19
Hervé This vo Kientza
20 Cryogenics. Cryogenics in the kitchenPage 8 of 406
1
Peter Barham
2 Dairy. Milk gels – a gastrophysics view
3 Judith Hege, Marta Ghebremedhin, Bhagyashri Joshi, Christine
4 Schreiber, H.-C. Gill, Thomas A. Vilgis
5 Dairy. Culinary uses of milk, butter and ice cream
6
Alan L. Kelly and David S. Waldron
7 Dairy. Ginger milk curd
8
Martin Lersch
9 Dehydration. Dehydration
10
José M. Aguilera
11 Dispersed Systems Formalism (DSF)
12
Hervé This vo Kientza
13 Distillation. The behaviour of volatile compounds during distillation of
14 hydro-alcoholic solutions and during hydro-distillation
15 Martine Esteban-Decloux
16 Eggs. Let us have an egg
17
Hervé This vo Kientza
18 Emulsions. Emulsified systems in food
19 Markus Ketomäki, Trivikram Nallamilli, Christine Schreiber and
20 Thomas A. VilgisPage 9 of 406
1 Emulsions. Ostwald Ripening and disproportionation in practice
2
Hervé This vo Kientza
3 Emulsions. Lecithin
4
Elzbieta Kozakiewicz, Daniel Cossuta
5 Emulsions. Emulsions and surfactants in the kitchen
6
Hervé This vo Kientza
7 Essential oils. Essential oils.
8
Eric Angelini, Laure Dziuba
9 Essential oils. How to safely use essential oils
10
Eric Angelini, Laure Dziuba
11 Evaporation
12
Hervé This vo Kientza
13 Expansion
14
Hervé This vo Kientza
15 Fats and oils. Physicochemical properties of edible oils and fats
16
S. Danthine
17 Fats and oils. From fat droplets in plant seeds to novel foods
18
Juan C. Zambrano, Behic Mert, Thomas A. Vilgis
19 Fats and oils. Oxidation of dietary lipids
20
Luc EveleighPage 10 of 406
1 Fats and oils. Extra virgin olive oil - molecular keys for traditional and
2 modern Mediterranean gastronomy
3 Raffaele Sacchi.
4 Fermentation. Kimchi
5
Weon-Sun Shin
6 Fermentation. Fermenting Flavours with Yeast
7
Angela Coral Medina and John P. Morrissey
8 Fermentation. A short scientific and culinary introduction to kefir
9
Christophe Lavelle and Jean-Baptiste Boulé
10 Filtration. Filtration membranes for food processing and fractionation
11
Marie-Laure Lameloise
12 Food matrix. Food matrices and matrix effect in the kitchen
13
José Miguel Aguilera and Hervé This vo Kientza
14 Food pairing. “Food pairing” - is it really about science?
15
Hervé This vo Kientza and Christophe Lavelle
16 Freeze-Drying
17
Yrjö H. Roos
18 Foams. Pickering edible oil foam: toward new food products
19
20 Frying
A-L. FameauPage 11 of 406
1
Franco Pedreschi
2 Gastrophysics. a new scientific approach to eating
3
Charles Spence
4 Gels
5
Hervé This vo Kientza
6 Heat transfer. Heat transfer in culinary sciences
7
Denis Flick
8 Hydrocolloids. Hydrocolloid usages as gelling and emulsifying agents for
9
10
culinary and industrial applications
Rachel Edwards-Stuart and Reine Barbar
11 Imaging. Imaging foodstuff and products of culinary transformations
12 Mathias Porsmose Clausen, Morten Christensen, and Ole G.
13 Mouritsen
14 Minerals. Mineral ions and cooking
15
Christian Salles
16 Meat. Meat tenderness and the impact of cooking
17
Jean-François Hocquette and Alain Kondjoyan
18 Meat. Heat Transfer in Meat
19
Douglas Baldwin
20 Microwaves. Microwave heating and modern cuisinePage 12 of 406
1
Alan L. Kelly and Hervé This vo Kientza
2 Meat. Reduction of nitrate and nitrite salts in meat products: What are the
3 consequences and possible solutions?
4 Régine Talon, Sabine Leroy
5 Osmosis. Osmosis in the kitchen
6
Hervé This vo Kientza
7 Pasta. Durum wheat proteins: a key macronutrient for pasta qualities
8
Martin Coline, Morel Marie Hélène and Cuq Bernard
9 Pasteurisation. Pasteurization in the kitchen
10
Gabriela Precup, Dan-Cristian Vodnar
11 Plating. The science of plating
12
Charles Spence
13 Proteins. Proteins and proteases
14
Linda A. Luck, Alan L. Kelly
15 Puddings. The secret of the rice pudding
16
Martin Lersch
17 Roasting
18
Laura Febvay, Hervé This vo Kientza
19 Salt. When should salt be added to meat being grilled?
20
Hervé This vo Kientza, Marie-Paule Pardo, Rolande OllitraultPage 13 of 406
1 Sauces
2
Hervé This vo Kientza
3 Sauces. Hollandaise sauce
4
Guro Helgesdotter Rognså
5 Sauces. The underside of applesauce
6
Cassandre Leverrier
7 Seaweeds. Phycogastronomy: the culinary science of seaweeds
8
Ole G. Mouritsen
9 Size reduction
10
José M. Aguilera
11 Smoked foods
12
Jane K. Parker, Alice Pontin
13 Sous Vide Cooking
14
Douglas Baldwin
15 Spherification
16
Linda A. Luck
17 Squid. Gastrophysics of squid: from gastronomy to science and back again
18 Ole G. Mouritsen, Charlotte Vinther Schmidt, Peter Lionet Faxholm,
19 and Mathias Porsmose ClausenPage 14 of 406
1 Sugars. Soft caramel and sucre à la crème: an undergraduate experiment
2 about sugar crystallization
3 Irem Altan
4 Sugars. Sugar (and its substitutes) in pastries
5
Anne Cazor
6 Sugars. Erythritol-Sucrose-Mixtures out of Equilibrium – Exciting
7 Thermodynamics in the Mouth
8 Hannah M. Hartge, Birgitta Zielbauer, Thomas A. Vilgis
9 Sugars. Intramolecular dehydration of hexoses
10
Marie-Charlotte Belhomme, Stéphanie Castex and Arnaud Haudrechy
11 Taste. Taste and sound
12
Bruno A. Mesz
13 Temporal Domination of Sensation. When building dishes, let’s take
14 temporality into account
15 Pascal Schlich
16 Texture. The physics of mouthfeel: liver sausages and inulin particle gels
17
Thomas A. Vilgis
18 Texture. How texture makes flavour
19
Ole G. Mouritsen
20 Texture. Tsukemono: the art and science of preparing crunchy vegetablesPage 15 of 406
1
Ole G. Mouritsen
2 Thickeners. Cellulose and its derivatives
3
Rachel Edwards-Stuart
4 3D printing of food
5
Megan Ross, Roisin Burke, and Alan L. Kelly
6 Umami. The molecular science of umami synergy
7
8 Part
Ole G. Mouritsen
2 –
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
9 The right words for improving communication in food science, food
10 technology and between food science and technology and a broader
11 audience
12 Hervé This vo Kientza
13 Experimental flavour workshops
14
Hervé This vo Kientza
15 Teaching argumentation and inquiry through culinary claims.
16
Erik Fooladi
17 Cooking and science workshops: the soft of the world gelling agents
18
Pere Castells
19 Culinary sciences for the enhancement of the public understanding of science
20
Ole G. MouritsenPage 16 of 406
1 “Science and cooking activities” for secondary school students
2 Marie-Claude Feore, Laure Fort, Marie-Blanche Mauhourat, Hervé
3 This vo Kientza
4 How to reduce oil in French fries? A student experiment
5
Hervé This vo Kientza
6 An educational satellite project around the scientific elucidation of culinary
7 precisions in Lebanon and in the Middle East
8 Reine Barbar, Jean-Marie Malbec, Christophe Lavelle and Hervé This
9 Bon Appétit, Marie Curie! A Stanford University Introductory Science of
10 Cooking Course
11 Markus W. Covert and Imanol Arrieta-Ibarra
12 Molecular gastronomy in science education and science communication at the
13 National University of Singapore
14 Linda Sellou and Lau Shi Yun
15 Molecular Gastronomy: A Universal Portal to the Molecular Sciences
16
Patricia B. O’Hara
17 Heat transfer in the kitchen – Exercises
18
Manuel CombesPage 17 of 406
1 Ionic diffusion in spherified calcium alginate gels: a laboratory experiment
2 using molecular diffusion to show that gels are dispersed systems
3 which at the same time behave both as liquids and solids
4 Lorenzo Soprani, Lara Querciagrossa, Silvia Cristofaro, Luca
5 Muccioli, Silvia Orlandi, Elena Strocchi, Alberto Arcioni, Roberto
6 Berardi
7 Simple calculations based on cooking
8
Hervé This vo Kientza
9 Teaching and cooking with culinary teachers
10
Christophe Lavelle
11 The monthly Inrae-AgroParisTech seminars on molecular gastronomy
12
13 Part
Hervé This vo Kientza
3 –
APPLICATION TO CULINARY PRACTICE
14 New Greek cuisine
15
Georgianna Hiliadaki et Nikos Roussos
16 3D Printed Note by Note recipe: soya lobster prototype
17
Róisín Burke
18 Cooking (with) olive oil
19
Christophe Lavelle
20 Cooking for the elderlyPage 18 of 406
1
Christophe Lavelle
2 Culinary constructivism and note by note cooking
3
Pierre Gagnaire
4 Decantation
5
Hervé This vo Kientza
6 Note by note recipes for a press conference organized at ITHQ, 2012
7
Erik Ayala-Bribiesca, Ismael Osorio
8 Using liquid nitrogen to prepare ice creams in the restaurant
9
10
Christophe Lavelle and Hervé This vo Kientza with chefs André
Daguin, Noël Gutrin and Philippe Labbé
11 A Note by Note traditional Chinese dinner created and served in Singapore
12 Kelly Lee, Aaron Wong, Tony Choo, Nicolas Vergnole, Gn Ying Wei,
13 and Tais Berenstein
14 Greek Diracs
15
Makis Kalossakas and Nicolas Nikolakopoulos
16 An eclipse dish
17
Hervé This vo Kientza
18 Modern Swiss cooking
19
Denis Martin
20 How do eggs coagulatePage 19 of 406
1
Hervé This vo Kientza
2 Vegetable salad
3
Jean Chauvel
4 Filtration
5
Hervé This vo Kientza
6 Waiter! There is Garlic in my Meringue!
7
César Vega
8 Lobster and juniper
9
David Toutain
10 Molecular Cooking
11
Róisín Burke and Pauline Danaher
12 Note by note cooking and note by note cuisine
13
Hervé This vo Kientza, Roisin Burke
14 Spherification
15
Sasa Hasic
16 The Raspberry Pear Viennoiserie
17
James A. Griffin
18 Molecular Mixology: Welcome coffee, a cocktail with ten layers
19
Hervé This vo Kientza, Pierre Gagnaire
20 Cube of “chicken-carrot” with chips of “basil-lemon”Page 20 of 406
1
Pasquale Altomonte and Dao Nguyen
2 Some of the easiest Note by Note recipes served at Senses
3
Andrea Camastra
4 The Forest Floor
5
Sophie Dalton
6 A Note by Note Macaron
7
Julien Binz
8 Note by note cooking
9
Michael Pontif
10 Note by note sushis
11
Guillaume Siegler
12 Slowly cooked lamb neck with fermented flour pancakes, sunchoke puree and
13 beer glaze
14 Alex Tsionitis
15