And here is my speech :
Address
for the Sonning Prize Ceremony
Hervé
This
Copenhagen,
9 April 2025
Dear
Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen
It
goes without saying that I am deeply honoured to receive the Sonning
Prize 2025.
The
legacy of past recipients of the Prize is truly outstanding: Sir
Winston Churchill, Bertrand Russell, Karl Popper, Ingmar Bergman,
Günter Grass, the Danish icons Jørn Utzon and Lars von Trier... I
am proud to be the third French recipient, after the Nobel laureate
Albert Schweitzer, also an Alsatian, and Simone de Beauvoir.
In
the spirit of acknowledging our shared heritage, I intentionally left
out the remarkable Niels Bohr from the list of distinguished Danes,
because he and I share something special: we are scientists—Bohr, a
physicist, and I, a chemist.
One
might ask: what is the relationship between molecular and physical
gastronomy, which is a part of chemistry, and culture? The answer is
simple: molecular and physical gastronomy bridges science, which is
culture, and cooking, which is also culture.
I
repeat that I am deeply honoured, but I am also greatly concerned
about food security. By
2050, the global population may exceed 10 billion, raising a crucial
question: What will they have to eat? This issue extends beyond food
security and food safety. We must nourish both the body and the mind,
for humans are not merely stomachs—we are cultural beings.
Exactly
two centuries ago, the French lawyer Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin
became
renowned for his reflections on the art of eating. In his book
The
Physiology of Taste,
he wrote, that while animals feed, only humans know how to eat,
meaning that they are able to appreciate the cultural signification
of food. I would argue that this is not an inherent truth, but rather
an aspiration. Whether young and old, we must learn how to eat.
To
become truly humans, we must elevate food from the stomach to the
mind. Achieving this requires the contributions of all disciplines.
Indeed gastronomy
encompasses history, geography, philosophy, economics, literature,
and, of course, the culinary art. It also draws from the natural
sciences—biology, physics, and, notably, chemistry.
Another
famous gastronome, Alexandre Balthazar Grimod de la Reynière,
rightly observed that “the cackled pieces seem better”. Eating
culturally means discussing what we eat, celebrating the culinary
artistry of the cook, and appreciating the time, intelligence and
effort devoted to preparing dishes.
Culture,
language, words… The importance of words was well recognized by the
French
chemist Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, who revolutionized chemistry
with a new nomenclature:
one cannot improve science without improving language, and vice
versa.
It
is not widely known, but Lavoisier studied meat broth, anticipating
the field of molecular and physical gastronomy. He wrote: ‘We
cannot help but be surprised, whenever we ask ourselves questions
about the objects we are most familiar with, to see how vague and
uncertain our ideas often are, and how important it is, therefore, to
fix them with experiments and facts”.
And what could be more familiar than the culinary activity, which
sustains us several times a day?”
So
let us now turn to cooking. It has certainly a technical component,
but what’s
the point of performing tasks like peeling carrots or whipping eggs,
which can be done by machines? The true interest of cooking lies not
in mere technique, but in its artistic nature: cooks, at home, in
restaurants or in industrial food companies, are expected to create
food that has to be good, that is to say beautiful to eat. As there
is still resistance to this idea, I insist: the goal is not only to
make food visually appealing. Rather it is to make it beautiful in
taste and in thought.
Yet
even this does not fully capture the essence of cooking. The most
technically and artistically accomplished dish is worth nothing if it
is thrown in the face of the guests. The dishes should say "I
love you"—intrinsically, through their construction, through
their flavor. This is the true culinary challenge: to create dishes
that express "I love you". A high level of culture!
At
first glance, natural sciences may seem distant from this discussion.
However, why should not they contribute to other fields, spark new
questions, and collaborate with other disciplines to explore this
fundamental notion of "I love you"?
Now,
moving from sciences in general to molecular and physical gastronomy
in particular, it is a science that holds intrinsic value,
independent of its applications. This value is evident in the
fundamental, and mechanistic questions it raises. Consider for
instance the vast literature on tea or coffee, comprising millions of
scientific studies. Yet not a single article examines the mechanisms
by which compounds in tea leaves or in coffee grounds transfer into
water. Similarly, 47% of classic French sauces involve wine in the
cooking process, yet no scientific study has explored the chemical
reactions that occur when wine is thermally processed in the presence
of other compounds, such as those found in meat broths.
It
was precisely to address such gaps in scientific knowledge that the
English physicist Nicholas Kurti and I created molecular and physical
gastronomy in 1988.
The
objective was and remains to investigate the mechanisms underlying
the phenomena that occur during cooking, employing the same method
used by all natural sciences: experiments and mathematical analysis.
At
the time, knowledge in this field was rudimentary. One need only
recall that it was once believed that soufflés and similar dishes
swelled due to the expansion of air bubbles. One of my earliest
discoveries demonstrated that the swelling was actually caused by the
evaporation of water. This realization made it possible for soufflés
to rise without even beating the egg whites. I will never forget a
seminar I gave decades ago, where I presented a soufflé that puffed
up despite the egg whites remaining unwhipped. Behind me, a chef and
a culinary instructor watched the oven in disbelief, muttering, “But
it’s not possible, it’s not possible!” What once seemed
impossible is now evident: thanks to molecular and physical
gastronomy, culinary techniques have evolved, and so has the way they
are taught. The scientific approach has not only helped innovative
chefs worldwide to elevate the pleasure of eating to a new
level—where creativity and art intertwine—but has also sparked
innovation in laboratories around the globe, profoundly influencing
food culture.
This
brings us to the invaluable act of teaching—the transmission of
culture to younger generations. In the past, cooking was learned
through repetition. Today, technical aspects are taught in technology
classes, grounded in the analysis of molecular and physical
gastronomy. Even in primary schools, scientific activities around
cooking have reached millions of children in France, and have even
extended to the favelas of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil—what a joy!
Of
course, there are also technical applications, as we recognized that
cooking could not remain in the outdated state we observed in the
80’s. What I have termed ‘molecular cooking’ refers to the
modernization of culinary techniques, using tools from chemistry,
physics, and biology laboratories. While this renovation is ongoing,
significant progress has been made. Today, alternative gelling
agents, new cooking methods at low temperature, are widespread across
the world. However I will not be satisfied until chefs can work
seated, in a quiet environment, free from excessive heat or stress.
This
is why we must move to the next step, one that is even more fruitful:
synthetic cooking, whose artistic form is known as note by note
cuisine. Rather than relying on traditional ingredients like fruits,
vegetables, meat, fish or eggs, this approach focuses on the
individuals compounds or fractions of these ingredients: water,
cellulose, pectins, lipids, and so on.
Just
as synthetic music creates sounds beyond the reach of classical
instruments, synthetic cooking allows for the creation of new
textures and flavours—unimaginable and unprecedented. 3D food
printers will play a key role in advancing this culinary frontier.
Just
like molecular cooking, note by note cuisine is not about catering to
the wealthy. Our goal is to nourish everyone, enabling people to eat
with a clear conscience while making the most of the available
resources. As we strive to reduce food waste and losses in the effort
to feed humanity by 2050, note by note cuisine becomes increasingly
vital, posing new scientific challenges for molecular and physical
gastronomy and other sciences.
Finally,
I reiterate that, of course I am deeply honoured to receive the
Sonning Prize, and I must express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone
who played a role in the decision made by the Sonning Committee. I am
particularly grateful to my colleague Karl Anker Jørgensen, a
chemist at Aarhus University, as well as to Professor Marie-Louise
Nosch of the University of Copenhagen, Steffen Brandt, Erik Frandsen,
and Birgitte Nauntofte, chair of the Aarhus University Board.
I
view awards, decorations, and other public recognition as
opportunities to make a further meaningful impact. I hope the Sonning
Prize will encourage my colleagues worldwide to explore the many
fascinating phenomena that can be observed in kitchens. I also hope
it will help the public understand that food must evolve, not only
because our lifestyles have changed, but also due to the growing
concerns around food security, food safety, sustainability and
climate change.
All
of society is involved, and it is necessary to change mentalities and
ideas, from primary schools to professional bodies.
It
is not only sound knowledge that should be shared, but also methods,
an important word, particularly close to my heart as it refers to a
famous discourse by René Descartes, who contributed to the creation
of modern science and thought.
Whether
we speak of technique, of technology, of teaching or of science, we
have to discuss first the goal, then the method, as in Greek methodon
means “choosing the way”.
For
food, the ultimate goal is Culture. And we need to continue the work
of the Enlightenment, which did not conclude with the publication of
Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie. The Age of Enlightenment is
far from over. Like the thinkers of the 18th
century, we must step out our laboratories to combat magical
thinking, disseminate knowledge and skill, and resist ignorance,
dogma and tyranny.
Of
course, in order to transmit a clearer picture of the world, we need
to expand the kingdom of knowledge, through sciences. In this quest,
in the laboratory or elsewhere, I have for myself this question that
I don't dare ask others: since we are what we do, what is my agenda?
Celebrate
Chemistry, Celebrate Culture, and thank you very much for your
attention