Answering a question

The 10th of September 2019, thanks to the FIPDES friends, a new "obvious" idea arose abour answering questions and making exercises.
This idea did not come immediately, but after we spent some time discussing the following exercises of  Course #3 :

Exercise  1. Select an "interesting" recipe from your own culture. Tell the group why  it is "interesting" (but of course think of what it can be). Guess why this excercise was proposed. And try to know why this would be useful for your carreer in the "food innovation and product design".

For some years, this exercise was the opportunity to  discuss what "interesting" means, and this is why the word was between quotes. Indeed there are wheels within wheels with this exercise, and the two last questions give only a superficial hint toward some of them. The fact that this exercise was the first meant that in the past years, we  spent a lot of time on it, because it was showing the way for the next exercices.
But this year, because we arrived to the exercise when we had discussed the idea that in science, adjectives and adverbs are forbidden, and have to be replaced by the answer to the question "how much?", it came suddenly to my mind that I did not do what I should: it is useless to try to "define" the word "interesting", as we did, but the only thing to do was to design a quantitative index... or many, because any definition should be associated with one such quantitative information.
And because we are now on the right scientific track, let's remember that science means quantitative + references ! So that the mistake of the past years was double: the quantitative treatment was missing, but as well the references!

And this is why, suddenly, the second exercise improved as well.
This exercise is:
Exercise 2 : please try to write a 1500 characters piece on what is art. Guess why this excercise was proposed. And find out why this would be useful for your carreer in the "food innovation and product design".
Last year, for example, my FIPDES friends wrote pieces about 1500 characters, using what they had found on internet. Of course, going to Wikipedia is not enough, and one can guess that someone like me needs much more. I am not saying that Wikipedia is bad (and I even contribute frequently to improving it), but I say that this is not strict enough in science and technology, with a poor impact in communication. For sure, a treaty of "aesthetics", such as the one by Shitao, is much better. Or the Poetic by Aristoteles. Or some theoretical works by Jorge Luis Borges, or by Umberto Eco. Remember that culture (I mean the right one: the pieces produced by intelligent people) is important for innovation!
And this why this particular piece to be produced should be more than a poor personal feeling being expressed! It has to include references... and if you are smart, why not try to incoroporate quantitative information as well? After all, now that we have these two ideas, quantitative and references, let's apply them always!

Now, a question: how to make it quantitative? Let's look at the next exercise:
Exercise 3: find  a Roman recipe on line, and show how it is similar or different from today's recipes. Guess why this excercise was proposed.
And find out why this would be useful for your carreer in the "food innovation and product design".
It is easy to find the references... and if you go online, you will probably find recipes by "Apicius" (guess why I put quotes here?).
Now, is it "original" to find such a recipe? Let's define quantitatively originality as the contrary to what is frequent.
Let's imagine that 1 recipe is not  from Apicius. Then the ratio of 1 over N (number of friends in our group) would be small, because N is larger than 1. And if two of us have a recipe outside Apicius, the 2/N ratio would increase... in spite that it is less original being 2 rather than 1 outside a group.
But we are looking for an index that increases with originality, not that decreases! Why not deciding for the N/k ratio instead, where k is the number outside Apicius? Or course, now this ratio would be infinite in the particular case when all recipes are from Apicius: this means that being original would be infinite. And on the other side of the scale, we would have 1.
Do you want instead an intervalle between 1 and 0? It is easy to change a scale, using a function.

For the next exercise, it was easy to find something quantitative... apparently:
Exercise 4 : try to find how many people are undernourished in your country?
Guess why this excercise was proposed.
And find out why this would be useful for your carreer in the "food innovation and product design".
Yes, you will probably easily find the number that you are looking for. But the question here is hidden: the idea is not to make this research, because it does not call for much intelligence, and you remember that I praise intelligence (and work), not making simple and silly things.
Here, again, there are many ideas behind the exercise, but in particular the question of "significant" figures. I know that some say that in their country, the figures are manipulated by the government, etc. But anyway, if you look well, you will find estimations.
Now, for all, the question of significant figures is in front of you:
1. do you know WELL what it is (I mean: so well that you can define it precisely, and apply this knowledge)?
2. could you say how much it is for a balance with 1 g precision? for a balance with 0.000001 g precision (beware, there is a trap here)? for the figures that you found here?

And now you know enough for the next exercise:
Exercise 5: identify an "original" culinary practice from your country.
Guess why this excercise was proposed.
And find out why this would be useful for your carreer in the "food innovation and product design".

And for the next one:
Exercise 6:
(a) find something that you  eat  daily and is disgusting for others ;
(b) find something that you consider disgusting in the country of a member of the cohort. Guess why this excercise was proposed.
And find out why this would be useful for your carreer in the "food innovation and product design".

And even for the next one.
Exercise 7: select a recipe and extract the parts of it when the goal is to achieve (1) safety ; (2) flavour. Guess why this exercise was proposed.
And find out why this would be useful for your carreer in the "food innovation and product design".



Finally, please remember :
1. quantitative
2. good references !

About the toxicity of potato peels, I was asked to give references, and here are some, with abstracts :


Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 41 (2005) 66–72Potato glycoalkaloids and adverse eVects in humans: an ascending dose study, par Tjeert T. Mensinga et al. :

Glycoalkaloids in potatoes may induce gastro-intestinal and systemic eVects, by cell membrane disruption and acetylcholinesterase inhibition, respectively. The present single dose study was designed to evaluate the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of orally administered potato glycoalkaloids ( -chaconine and -solanine). It is the Wrst published human volunteer study were pharmacokinetic data were obtained for more than 24 h post-dose. Subjects (2–3 per treatment) received one of the following six treatments: (1–3) solutions with total glycoalkaloid (TGA) doses of 0.30, 0.50 or 0.70 mg/kg body weight (BW), or (4–6) mashed potatoes with TGA doses of 0.95, 1.10 or 1.25 mg/kg BW. The mashed potatoes had a TGA concentration of nearly 200 mg/kg fresh weight (the presently recognised upper limit of safety). None of these treatments induced acute systemic eVects. One subject who received the highest dose of TGA (1.25 mg/kg BW) became nauseous and started vomiting about 4 h post dose, possibly due to local glycoalkaloid toxicity (although the dosis is lower than generally reported in the literature to cause gastro-intestinal disturbances). Most relevant, the clearance of glycoalkaloids usually takes more than 24 h, which implicates that the toxicants may accumulate in case of daily consumption.


Perishables Handling Newsletter Issue No. 87, August 06,
A Review of Important Facts about Potato Glycoalkaloids
by Marita Cantwell
I give only the conclusion :
To avoid toxic levels of glycoalkaloids, potato cultivar selection is very important. However, improper postharvest handling conditions are the main cause of toxic levels in potatoes. To keep glycoalkaloid content low, store potatoes at lower temperatures, such as 7°C(45°F), keep potatoes away from light, market in opaque plastics films and paper bags, and rotate frequently on retail displays.


And also :
Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science   
A Review of Occurrence of Glycoalkaloids in Potato and Potato Products
DUKE GEKONGE OMAYIO et al

There has been increasing consumption of potato products such as French fries and crisps in most countries as a result of lifestyle change in both developed and developing countries. Due to their generally pleasurable taste and texture, they are appreciated by a high number of consumers  across the world, with the younger members of the population mostly those in the urban areas having
a higher preference. The hard economic situations have also driven many people to their consumption as they are affordable. Moreover, these products are convenient for the younger generation who do not prepare their own food. However, there have been food safety concerns that have been linked
in the past to glycoalkaloids in the raw potatoes that are used for processing. Potatoes are known to accumulate glycoalkaloids (GAs) during growth and postharvest storage. Some potato varieties have been shown to have high glycoalkaloids. These toxicants have been found to bioaccumulate
in the body especially if daily consumption of foods containing the glycoalkaloids are consumed. Glycoalkaloids lead to intestinal discomfort, vomiting, fever, diarrhea and neurological problems and can lead to human or animal deaths in cases of acute toxicity. Transportation, handling, poor
storage and exposure to sunlight during marketing of potatoes exposes consumers to potential risk of glycoalkaloids due to injury and greening which lead to increased levels of glycoalkaloids. Glycoalkaloids are quite stable and therefore, freeze-drying, boiling, dehydration or microwaving have got limited effect and thus persist through the processing conditions into the final products with the levels being proportional to the concentrations in the raw materials used. This current review focuses on the occurrence of glycoalkakloids in potato and potato products that are commonly consumed.

And there are hundreds of others saying the same !

The new workshop on Molecular Gastronomy

Dear Friends

When spring comes, new words flourish, but indeed, it is perhaps not unnecessary to say clearly that :

1. Sciences of nature (sometimes called natural sciences) are activities where you look for phenomena using the scientific method (observing a phenomenon, measuring it, grouping the data into equations, looking for a theory, trying to refute the theory)

2. Technologies are activities of improving the technique (often using the results of sciences of nature).

3. "Applied sciences" cannot exist : the tree is not the fruit. If it is a science, it is not "applied", and if it is applied, this is technique or technology (and there, whereas applied sciences don't exist, there are applications of sciences)

More focused, now :

4. Food sciences are activities about studying food scientifically.

2. Food technology is the activity of improving food (often using the  result of food sciences)

3. Among food sciences, there are sciences for ingredients (finding new compounds in food ingredients),

4. The science for looking for mechanisms occuring during cooking is called "molecular and physical gastronomy", shortened in "molecular gastronomy".

And this is why I invite you to distribute the announcement of the next "International Workshop on Molecular and Physical Gastronomy", in Paris (France), June  5-7.

The topic will be :  Flavour through Cooking.

application to : icmg@agroparistech.fr

About intership

I am frequently asked  about making intership in my "lab", and I have to admit that I refused this for 20 years, because it takes me time to drive younger colleagues that don't have the slightest idea of what is science and what is scientific research. Even this morning, one of my younger friends was ready to use tap water in order to make an experiment. Tap water in science ? Ohhhhhh! Yesterday another one was ready to boil concentrated hydrochloric acid directly in the lab (no ventilating hood, or better, no reflux, in order to avoir releasing in the atmosphere a very dangerous compounds).
But anyway, when interns come, I do my best to help them to learn.


Now, the question is to know if this particular place is useful for them, and I propose to discuss this on the particular question that I received by email yesterday. 


About internship opportunity, my goal is working in the industry. However, most industries won't accept interns unless they have Master (Bac +5) at least for this field. 
Therefore, I want to do some research in the lab during the time of my study to gain some experiences, insights and deeper knowledge before entering the industries. I understand finding an internship position in here could be difficult; however, if you could spend sometime giving some advice about getting a position. Thank you very much and have a wonderful day.


My answer is :


Hi,
Sorry for the delay, but I had to think about it.
 
I know that people are not accepted in the industry without professional experience... but I also know (and this was very clear)  that students who did not have internship in the industry are not accepted, because the industry then says that they were not interested really, and the proof is that they did not have internship in the industry.

There are certain internships in the industry (my two sons did it, and so many students), and you can trust me, you have to apply everywhere (and get help from your professors) to get such internship !

Now, the question is to be more precise, because the appearance (making an internship in the indsutry) is of zero interest compared to the content... and you don't tell me your goal : in which industry do you want to work, and in which part of the industry? Please don't answer that the internship will help you to decide, because this would not be a good answer: in an intership, you will see only a tiny detail of the place where you work, and it will certainly not give you the possibility to choose safely.
 
In short, "getting a position" is not the key. The issue is : which help do you propose to people to give them during a particular intership ? This would be based on particular skills that you acquired previously and that you can tell them explicitly !
 
One point : "research in the lab" does not mean anything, and it is perhaps not appropriate. I explain : if you are an artist, you make art research, and this is not a skill for being a process engineer in the food industry; if you are a scientist, you make scientific research, and this is certainly not good for the industry; so that the research that you need to do is "engineering", if you want to be an engineer. Now, the "lab": a lab is a place where people do technical activities. A lab of science has nothing to do with a lab for formulation in the industry, for example.
 
Hope that helps !




Shall I add something?

More questions, more answers about molecular gastronomy and note by note cooking

This morning, I should not answer, because indeed the answers are already given, but I found new ways of answering.
The questions are in italics. 


What does molecular gastronomy mean to you as a scientist, or as a chef if you cook?

Molecular gastronomy should mean someone to me in particular. It means the same for everybody: the scientific discipline looking for the mechanisms of phenomena occurring during culinary processes. Nothing else.
The question is as strange as if I was asked: what does a cat mean for you, as a scientist, or as a chef if you cook.
And by the way, even when I cook (daily, at home, for all evening dinners plus meals of the week ends), I am not a chef, but I remain a scientist, and a scientist that cooks. The same when I am walking: I remain a scientist, and a scientist that walks.



How was your relationship with Nicholas Kurti( Kürti Miklós)?
 
It was a "love affair", immediate friendship that began as soon as we spoke on the phone, in 1986. After some seconds, he decided to come to Paris and see me, and we had this wonderful meal together, when we shared a "poule au vin jaune et aux morilles", at Maitre Paul, rue Racine, in the Quartier Latin of Paris. Immediately, we decided that we could share our results, thoughts, experiments... He was 50 years older than me, but we behaved as friends, and he was certainly not my tutor. Only a friend.
We shared everything: when I was invited as honoris causa in a university, I asked him to be along, and when he was proposed to write a text, we did it both (generally, I was writing the first draft, and he was improving it).
We did everything in a wonderful harmony, experiments on soufflés, on vinegar, organizing the Erice workshops... We spoke on the phone daily, and when I was making an experiment in Paris, he repeated it in London. He was a very good physicist, and I learned a lot from him in this regard, whereas he got much from me in chemistry, of which he did not know much.



I am not sure I understood this that’s why I am asking it.

Yes, but you make a load on me. Please read more carefully and use Google translate (or another one), because the explanations are clearly given. 


So is Note by Note for example when you deconstruct two material to their chemical structure and then construct it with another material with the same structure? 
 
Note by note does not mean deconstructing two materials to their chemical structure ! Indeed the sentence has no meaning: what is the "chemical structure, for example? And note by note cooking does not deconstruct. It means building a dish from pure compounds (let's say "chemical species" if you prefer). And what you build does not have the same chemical composition or chemical structure as... As what, by the way?


Or how is this going? I have read that for example the garlic and the coffee has the same structure so they can be combined to invent a new dish? 
 
By structure, you perhaps mean "composition". And no, garlic does not have the same chemical composition as coffee... otherwise they would be the same ! Please, also avoid the "I have read", and give precise references. By the way, only have good readings (can you recognize them?).
Finally, what you probably read is that coffee and garlic have one or more compounds in common, so that they would "pair". But this is a bad theory, that has nothing scientific as cooking is art, not a question of science.


I am sorry If I misunderstood this whole thing, it is a little hard for me to learn and write about such a hard theme in not my mother language.
 
Sorry for you, but I cannot help in this regard.


Can I do fruit caviars from agar-agar? Or is it just like gelatine but the vegetable matter of it?
 
You probably means "alginate pearls" with a liquid core, and for this, you need... sodium alginate. But it's true that I showed decades ago how to make it with gelatin: my solution is displayed on the internet site of Pierre Gagnaire. And I guess that I could also find a solution with agar-agar.





How can we invent totally new dishes with Note by Note?

Look at any recipe of the International Contest, or read my book Note by Note Cooking, at Columbia University Press.

Do you think that molecular gastronomy will be the future or not because it needs some hardly available items for it, or like liquid nitrogen. So will it be available in a normal kitchen or just for the best Restaurants?

You confuse molecular gastronomy (science) and note by note cooking. Molecular gastronomy is spreading in universities all over the world. And note by note is spreading in restaurants of all the world. But there are many answers about this elsewhere.
And note by note cooking will be able to used more and more common ingredients (remember this word: just as carrot and meat are ingredients of traditional cooking, pure compounds are the ingredients of note by note cooking).

Do you teach molecular gastronomy?
Yes,  in a lot of contexts.
- in the Erasmus Mundus Plus Master Programme "Food Innovation and Product Design"
- in the IPP Master Programme of AgroParisTech
- at the Ecoles des Mines de Paris
- at AgroParisTech, in the context of the Courses of Molecular Gastronomy
- and others

Un peu technique, celui-ci

I am asked about the definition of the  "allomerization", and here is it :


The term “allomerization” was transferred into chlorophyll chemistry by Willstätter, who used it to describe then unknown reactions of chlorophylls occurring when they were standing in alcoholic solutions in contact with air . Indeed allomerization is identical to auto-oxidation , including several reactions  that yield a complex mixture of allomers and other alterations products such as solvolysis of the isocycle ring, demetallation, dephytylation and photooxidation .
Concerning the mechanism, it was assumed that allomerization involves as a primary step the auto-oxidation of the Chl enolate anion, formed in small amounts in methanol containing traces of bases and/or metal impurities.

Des TPE sur les oeufs

Je le disais hier : les TPE battent leur plein !
Reçu ce message, qui me permet de donner des réponses utiles à beaucoup, semble-t-il :





# Dans le cadre du TPE de 1ère (épreuve anticipée du baccalauréat), mon groupe (3 élèves au total), a choisi de traiter le thème forme et matière. L’œuf avec les différentes formes qu’il peut revêtir en cuisine nous a de suite intéressés.
# Nous avons fait de nombreuses recherches internet (parfois infructueuses, ou peu précises), et le plus souvent celles-ci nous conduisent finalement à l’article de presse de l’INRA de mars 2013 (document sur lequel j’ai pu trouver vos coordonnées).
# J’ai également fait acheter par ma maman le livre « les œufs, 60 clefs pour comprendre » et celui-ci me ramène aussi à l’INRA.
# Votre expérience et vos connaissances en terme de gastronomie moléculaire nous aideraient précieusement.
# En effet, j’ai bien compris que cuisiner l’œuf, c’était faire de la chimie.
# Que différents paramètres température, air, pH… influençaient la structure des composants de l’œuf, notamment les protéines.
# Aussi, notre TPE devrait s’orienter sur les propriétés physico-chimiques de l’œuf qui font qu’il se transforme, avec une partie théorique et une partie expérimentale.
# Alors je viens vous solliciter afin de pouvoir obtenir des documents pertinents qui nous permettraient :
# 1/D’expliquer la formation de l’œuf, sa composition.
# 2/D’expérimenter la chimie des œufs, le but étant de reproduire au laboratoire (ou chez nous) des expériences et de réaliser une vidéo qui sera visionnée et notée par le jury final.
# (Par exemple, je vais réaliser votre recette de l’œuf parfait au lave-vaisselle !).
# 3/D’expliquer de manière claire et pédagogique la chimie des œufs, quels constituants se modifient.
# D’ailleurs, peut-être serait-il bien de tester au laboratoire comment « décuire un œuf » : à ce propose, j’ai pu lire que des scientifiques avaient tenter l’expérience.
# Bref, je suis preneuse de toute information !
# Je vous remercie par avance de l’attention que vous me porterez, et s’il faut que je sois plus précise dans ma demande, n’hésitez pas à me le faire savoir.


Je reprends en commentant point à point
 

Dans le cadre du TPE de 1ère (épreuve anticipée du baccalauréat), mon groupe (3 élèves au total), a choisi de traiter le thème forme et matière. L’œuf avec les différentes formes qu’il peut revêtir en cuisine nous a de suite intéressés.

C'est un excellent choix : fascinant de voir un oeuf liquide, jaune-vert, transparent, devenir solide, blanc et opaque ! D'autant que la composition d'un blanc d'oeuf est (assez) simple : de l'eau et des protéines.


Nous avons fait de nombreuses recherches internet (parfois infructueuses, ou peu précises), et le plus souvent celles-ci nous conduisent finalement à l’article de presse de l’INRA de mars 2013 (document sur lequel j’ai pu trouver vos coordonnées).

Pourquoi pas... mais cela m'étonne que vous n'ayez trouvé que cela. Je rappelle que l''on cherche en anglais sur Google Scholar, quand on  n'a pas de bases de données.


J’ai également fait acheter par ma maman le livre « les œufs, 60 clefs pour comprendre » et celui-ci me ramène aussi à l’INRA.

Oui, en France, l'Inra est essentiel. Savez vous qu'il y a une unité très spécialisée dans les oeufs à Nouzilly ? Les meilleurs spécialistes mondiaux.


Votre expérience et vos connaissances en terme de gastronomie moléculaire nous aideraient précieusement.

 Je fais de mon mieux.


En effet, j’ai bien compris que cuisiner l’œuf, c’était faire de la chimie.

Certainement pas : cuisiner, c'est cuisiner. Faire de la chimie, c'est faire de la science. Certes, cuisinier de l'oeuf déclenche des réactions entre des composés, mais la cuisine n'est certainement pas de la chimie : ce n'est pas une science de la nature !
Inversement, la recherche scientifique, notamment la gastronomie moléculaire, ce n'est pas de la cuisine : on ne prépare pas des aliments, mais on produit de la connaissance.


Que différents paramètres température, air, pH… influençaient la structure des composants de l’œuf, notamment les protéines.

Ca, c'est une phrase compliquée. Heureux de dire que je ne la comprends pas (je peux l'interpréter de mille façons différentes, mais ce n'est pas  à moi de deviner laquelle est la bonne).


 Aussi, notre TPE devrait s’orienter sur les propriétés physico-chimiques de l’œuf qui font qu’il se transforme, avec une partie théorique et une partie expérimentale.

Plus exactement, je vous renvoie vers mon site, où j'explique mieux que cela comment faire un TPE, en faisant l'exégèse des textes officiels.


Alors je viens vous solliciter afin de pouvoir obtenir des documents pertinents qui nous permettraient :
1/d’expliquer la formation de l’œuf, sa composition.

Voir le livre sur l'oeuf de M. Thapon et ses collègues chez Lavoisier Tec et Doc.


2/D’expérimenter la chimie des œufs, le but étant de reproduire au laboratoire (ou chez nous) des expériences et de réaliser une vidéo qui sera visionnée et notée par le jury final. (Par exemple, je vais réaliser votre recette de l’œuf parfait au lave-vaisselle !).

Mais sur le site d'AgroParisTech, il y a bien d'autres documents, notamment mon "Let's have an egg".




3/D’expliquer de manière claire et pédagogique la chimie des œufs, quels constituants se modifient.
 D’ailleurs, peut-être serait-il bien de tester au laboratoire comment « décuire un œuf » : à ce propose, j’ai pu lire que des scientifiques avaient tenter l’expérience.

C'est moi qui ai fait le premier la chose, en 1997. Et mon texte est mis sur mon site.
D'ailleurs, j'y ai mis aussi d'autres choses sur l'oeuf, parce que ce TPE n'est ni le premier, ni sans doute le dernier.
Bon courage

Questions and answers

Today, some questions are answered, in view of a trip to Singapore, at then end of June


1. In recent media reports, it was written that “note-by-note” cooking approach can “stave off energy crisis, eliminate food waste and end world hunger”. Can you please explain more about the NbN approach and its potential?

There are two different ideas: note by note cooking, which is a new way of cooking, and the Note by Note Projects, that include note by note cooking, but aims are improving the efficiency of our food production systems.Let's tell the story this way: today, we are 7 billions humans, and about 1 billion is starving. In 2050, there will be 10 billions, so that we have to plan methods for feeding everybody.

More or less, the agreement is that spoilage is to be fought, and it is true tht if 30% of the producted food is spoiled, avoiding this would improve greatly the efficiency of agriculture.

One way to fight spoilage is to “fractionate” at the farm, which means separating water, and making proteins, sugars, amino acids, phenolics, etc.

This would avoid the transportation of fresh products that spoils... and means transporting water (a truck full of tomatoes means a truck full of 95 % water!).

Moreover, as the Minister of Argentina for agriculture told me, this would have the advantage to make prices more even, which is good for the farmers.

Indeed, In the NbN projects, the farmers will enrich by selling new products... but they would have to make a small fractionation step at the farm... with hardware already existing (and cheap).

This being said, the citizens would receive powders (nowadays, you can already buy tons of proteins from plants)... and they will have to cook : this is exactly Note by note cooking.

By the way, a very fresh information: recent dinners by chefs in restaurants showed that NbN dinners cost twice less and need twice less time to prepare !

2. What made you decide to explore (and promote) NbN to the F&B industry?

Indeed, to tell the truth, in the beginning (1994), I had only the idea that a more rational way of cooking was possible. But more and more, it evolved. First, I considered that a new form of culinary style was possible, and then the many advantages of note by note cooking appeared.

And finally, I can tell you that, being a Gourmand, I was so happy of the Note by Note meal that my friend Pierre Gagnaire served to the New York Times journalist, when they came to Paris to see me about NbN: I am having meals frequently at Pierre's... but this meal was the most exciting, because of entirely new flavours !

3. Can this approach be applicable to the F&B industry in Asia? If yes, how can this approach be integrated with or adopted to Asian cuisine?

Of course, very easily. And the interesting thing is to see how different culinary artists will produce different cuisine. Indeed we can envision “asian NbN cuisine”, or “western NbN cuisine”, etc. (you see, I make a difference between cooking = technique, and cuisine=style)

4. You are scheduled to give a speech to the graduating culinary and pastry batches at Singapore’s At-Sunrice Global Chef Academy this month. Can you share with us some of the advice that you will impart to these newly graduated chefs?

Of course, the main ideas are work, loyalty, kindness, care, boldness... But I know that I shall have to explain that cooking is first love, then art and finally technique.

The technical component of cooking is important, for sure, but it is not difficult... if you accept to detach from tradition (I am not saying that tradition is useless or bad, but I say that tradition is the sum of the successes and advances of the past ; our Great Ancestors would be angry if they saw that we did not contribute to the advancement of culinary art).

But the question of art is most important. It is not difficult and it is not important to grill meat or boil vegetables, but rather the issue is to determine how to do it and why.

Indeed I realize more and more that one main issue around is that the goals are not clear, and it has to be very clear ! Indeed, imagine that you are in Paris ; if you don't understand clearly that your goal is Singapore, you will perhaps arrive in Hong Kong, or Tokyo, but not in Singapore. And it's only when the goal is clear that you can determine the way to reach it. In Greek, the way is “methodon”, method. Yes, when you have the goal, you can try to find the way, and this is “strategy”. And they you can implement, and this is tactic.

Coming back to hard “work”, or to innovation, creativity, etc. , the idea lies in this sentence: “Il faut tendre avec efforts vers l'infaillibilité sans y prétendre”.

And by the way, if I have time, I shall tell them the wonderful story of Michael Faraday. As an orphan, he was going once per week, in the evening, in “Improvement of the mind” sessions... and he became the one of the greatest physical chemists of all times.

But I know that I shall also have to make it very clear to explain the difference between Molecular gastronomy, molecular cooking, mocular cuisine, and note by note cooking/cuisine.

By the way, I would be very happy if I could stimulate the creation of a laboratory for molecular gastronomy in a chemistry department of Singapore

5. How do you see the future of food preparation? Do you think that chefs in Asia should create more molecular gastronomy offerings in their menu?

Indeed you confluse (sorry to tell you that) molecular gastronomy and cooking.

Molecular gastronomy is one science of nature, as physics, chemistry, biology. It is for scientists, not for chefs. Molecular gastronomy cannot be in a menu.

Molecular cuisine, instead, is cooking, for chefs, not for scientists... but this is 35 years old... and this is why we should move fast toward Nbn (like jazz is 50 years old, and new music can be introduced).

The future of food preparation : certainly NbN for the reason given above about 10 billions people on the earth.

Finally “should” Asian chefs offer more molecular cuisine: no, because molecular cuisine is old.

“Should” chef offer NbN ? If they want. The question is art : an artist does what he/she perceives, feels...

But it's true that if a chef serves NbN, this is NEW, and only the new can attract journalists... and guests.

6. What do you think chefs in Asia should do to get more diners to try molecular gastronomy offerings?

Again : confusion between molecular gastronomy (science), on one hand, and cooking, on the other hand. But I don't see the difference between this question and the previous ?

7. What are your future plans concerning NbN approach and molecular gastronomy? Will you be participating in more events here in the region in connection with promoting these culinary disciplines?

For molecular gastronomy, I am doing efforts to spread this science all over the world... and it works well. More and more, in science and technology universities, laboratories for molecular gastronoy are created.

For NbN : for sure, we have to be ready in 2050, and I am promoting all over the world this new way of cooking, with about 1 new countrie per two months. Right now, I am considering how to change the International Contest for Note by Note Cooking (we do tomorrow the 6^th).

More events in Asia? Why not, if people in Asia are interested.

(but remember: molecular gastronomy is not a culinary discipline, it's science ;-) ).

Answers to questions

This morning, an email that I have to answer !


Dear Hervé This,
Hi, my name is xxxxx xxxxx, and I am 11 years old, and in 5th grade in the U.S. In my school district, as an end of elementary school project, all of 5th grade is doing a project called xxxxxx. For xxxxx, students are allowed to pick any topic of choice to study and create a presentation on; to present to younger grades. My topic of choice is molecular gastronomy. I chose this topic since it seemed really interesting to me and I wanted to learn about it. One of the requirements for xxxxxx is; after researching your topic, you need to interview an expert on your topic of choice (in this case for me it’s molecular gastronomy), and I thought there would be no better person to interview other than you!
    I was wondering if I could ask you a list of questions for my project? If so, here they are:
    How did you come up with the idea of molecular gastronomy?
    What do you think is the purpose of molecular gastronomy?
    Why has molecular gastronomy become so popular?
    What is your favorite part about making molecular gastronomy?
    Has molecular gastronomy impacted your life in any way? If so, how?
Also, do you recommend any books or articles I could read (in English) to find out more about molecular gastronomy? If so, it would be great if you could send me some sources of information, as well as the answers to my questions.
Thank you for taking your time to read this, and I hope you can get back to be soon.

Here are my answers: 

How did you come up with the idea of molecular gastronomy?








The answer was given many times, and in particular on my internet site https://sites.google.com/site/travauxdehervethis/. 
Go to "questions and answers" : https://sites.google.com/site/travauxdehervethis/Home/et-plus-encore/pour-en-savoir-plus/questions-and-answers
Indeed all began because I was cooking a cheese soufflé the 16th of March 1980 : the recipe was advising to add the yolks two by two... and I realized at that time that this was non sense... and I decided to collect such "culinary precisions" in order to test them experimentally. This led to the creation of molecular gastronomy, but also to molecular cooking, molecular cuisine, and more recently to note by note cooking (have a look on this !)

What do you think is the purpose of molecular gastronomy?The purpose is very clear and simple, and it is given by the definition of molecular gastronomy: it is looking for the mechanisms of phenomena occurring during culinary professes.

In other words, when one cooks (i.e. makes a dish), there are transformations : expansion, browning, sizzling, water evaporation, odor appearing, taste changing... and all these are phenomena. Being a scientific discipline, molecular gastronomy is trying to understand why and how these phenomena occur.
And because molecular gastronomy is a scientific activity (contrary to molecular cuisine or molecular cooking, or note by note cooking), the method for looking for the mechanisms is :
1. identify clearly the phenomenon that you want to study
2. characterize it quantitatively (you "measure")
3. make "laws" (i.e. equations from data of measurements)
4. find mechanisms (theory)
5. look for a testable consequence of the theory
6. test this consequence experimentally
and over and over.

Why has molecular gastronomy become so popular?For many reasons, but in particular because there was a confusion between cooking and science.
For molecular cooking, the success was certain, because it was obvious that a modernization of culinary activities was needed. Oh, yes, I have to tell you the definition of molecular cooking: cooking using modern tools coming from chemistry labs (such as thermocirculators, etc.).
After 1992, some chefs began using the tools that I was proposing since 1980, and the became famous... because the dishes that they were producing were new. And for any new activity, the journalists are willing to advertize it, so that molecular cooking developped rapidly.
At the same time, because populations had enough to eat, media began developing programs such as top chef, iron chef, etc. And molecular cooking became very popular.
Since the beginning, there was in the public a confusion between molecular cooking and molecular gastronomy... but molecular gastronomy developped as well... for many reasons, and in particular because it was helpful for education: students were more willing to study science when linked with such as a wonderful activity as cooking.
Also, and I should have said this first, molecular gastronomy introduced many new scientific ideas (DSF, dynagels, etc.).
 

What is your favorite part about making molecular gastronomy?
I don't know: I love maths, but I love also well done experiments.

Has molecular gastronomy impacted your life in any way? If so, how?
Tremendously. Indeed it is my life. I work with passion at the lab, but I also lecture all over the world. How could I say...

Also, do you recommend any books or articles I could read (in English) to find out more about molecular gastronomy? If so, it would be great if you could send me some sources of information, as well as the answers to my questions.
I published many books in English (Molecular Gastronomy, Building a Meal, Note by Note Cooking, Cooking, a quintessential art), and even more in French, and there hundreds of podcasts on the AgroParis Tech site : http://www2.agroparistech.fr/podcast/ 
But there are also on line courses, both in English https://tice.agroparistech.fr/coursenligne/main/document/document.php?cidReq=FIPDESMOLECULARGASTR or in French

Indeed, don't miss the next Note by Note Contest !